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Thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) is a new non-invasive, non-ionization and nondestructive modality capable of high microwave contrast and high ultrasound resolution, and it has attracted extensive attention in recent years. This review introduces the technical principle, imaging system and imaging characteristics of TAI, and then introduces the application of TAI for breast cancer detection as an example. This review introduces the advantages of TAI in solving corresponding clinical problems in view of its high resolution and high contrast. In addition, it also explains the roles of TAI in medical diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the potential applications of TAI in medical diagnosis is introduced from many aspects and multiple perspectives. The future development of TAI in the challenges of current medical diagnosis is also prospected.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acoustics , Breast Neoplasms , Diagnostic Imaging , Diagnostic Imaging , Methods , MicrowavesABSTRACT
Objective To observe manifestations of neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas (NETP) in conventional ultrasound and contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS).Methods Imaging features of histopathologically proved NETP in 90 patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results Conventional ultrasound was performed in all 90 patients,while CEUS was performed in 15 patients.Among all 90 cases,single lesion was found in 85 cases,while multiple lesions were found in 5 cases.The tumors located in pancreatic head (n =41),pancreatic body (n =13) or tail (n =36),respectively.The lesions in 81 cases were hypoechoic,8 were complex echoic and 1 was anechoic,with diameters ranged from 0.80 cm to 12.50 cm.Well-defined boundary of lesions were found in 67 cases,and ill-defined boundary of lesions were found in the other 23 cases.Regular shape lesions were found in 64 cases,while irregular shape lesions were found in 26 cases.Color Doppler ultrasound showed abundant tumor blood flow signals in 35 cases.Main pancreatic duct dilatation was found in 14 cases.Among 15 cases underwent CEUS,hyper-enhancement of tumors during the artery phase and slight hyper-enhancement or iso-enhancement during the delayed phase were observed in 9 cases,while slightly hyperenhancement of tumors during artery phase and hypo-enhancement during delayed phase were observed in 4 cases.Slightly hypo-enhancement peripheral to the masses during artery phase and wash-out during delayed phase with plate-shaped regions without enhancement in the center of tumors were observed in 2 cases.Conclusion NETP mainly manifested as well-defined hypoechoic lesions with regular shape in pancreas in conventional ultrasound,hyper-enhancement during artery phase and no obvious wash-out during delayed phase in CEUS.
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Objective To investigate the sonographic characteristic of hepatic lymphoma. Methods Fifteen patients with pathological proven hepatic lymphomas (4 primary and 11 secondary hepatic lymphomas) were included in this retrospective study. All the 15 patients underwent conventional B-mode ultrasound examinations. Two patients (one with primary lymphoma and another with secondary lymphoma) underwent contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Results In the conventional ultrasonography, hepatic masses were detected in 9 patients (4 primary and 5 secondary lymphomas). No hepatic mass was detected in the remaining 6 patients with pathological proven secondary lymphomas. For the 4 patients with detectable primary masses, 2 had a single mass and 2 had multiple masses. All primary hepatic lymphomas were hypoechoic. For the 5 patients with detectable secondary masses, 2 had a single mass and 3 had multiple masses. The hypoechoic lymphomas were found in 3 patients, while hyperechoic and isoechoic lymphomas were found in the other 2 patients. In the 4 patients with primary hepatic lymphomas, 3 had hepatomegaly, while none of the 4 patients had splenomegaly. In the 5 patients with detectable secondary masses, hepatomegaly was found in 3 patients in whom 2 had splenomegaly and 1 had a plate-shaped hypoechoic region within spleen. For the 6 patients without detectable secondary masses, splenomegaly was found in all 6 patients and hepatomegaly was found in 4 patients. In the spleen of one patient, a plate-shaped hypoechoic region was detected in the B-mode ultrasonography. In the CEUS, the primary lymphoma presented a thick ring region with slight enhancement peripheral to the mass during the hepatic artery phase;while the secondary lymphoma presented the uneven enhancement pattern with a small plate-shaped region unenhanced in its center during the hepatic artery phase. Conclusions In ultrasonography, the patients with hepatic lymphomas commonly present a single or multiple hypoechoic well-deifned hepatic masses, poor blood lfow and uneven enhancement peripheral to the mass during the hepatic artery phase of CEUS. Other sonographic characteristic include hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. No mass is detected in ultrasonography can not exclude the diagnosis of hepatic lymphoma.